Nominalization in Javanese

There are many nominalize formers in Javenese. For example:

1. Prefix ‘pa-‘

Models:

·         Pa        +          gawe (job (N))                        = pegawe (employee)

·         Pa        +          warta (news (N))                     = pawarta (news-reader)

In case of prefix Pa do not show any changes. However, we need to prove why there are no any changes, it can be explain by proving the features of initial letter in word. For example g (+construen, +high,+back) and initial letter w in word warta (+cont,+high and +back). Based on those features there will be no changes if the initial letter’s features are (+high and +back).

2. Suffix  ‘-an’

Models:

·      Unjuk (to drink)           +          -an                   = unjukan (beverage)

·      Dhahar (to eat) +                      -an                   = dhaharan (food)

The same thing will happen base on the first sample that there is no change in the final letter. For instance, k in word Unjuk has features, namely (+high,+back,and + construen) and features of letter r in word Dhahar are (+consonan,+coronal,+high) so we can prove that final letter which has features (+high ) will not change the form of the root, like happen in case of k and r.

Nominalization in Muna

There are five kinds affixes which form noun in Muna

1. Prefix ‘ka-‘

Models:

·         Ka       +          toofi (to boil)               = katoofi (something which is boiled)           

·         Ka       +          rubu (little (Adj))                    = karubu (a small thing)

Those examples do not show any changes when attach to prefix ‘ka-‘. Therefore, we need to find the main feature, which causes those words remain the same when it attaches to the prefix ‘ka-‘. Let us examine the initial letters of  words hole and rangku, features of h are (+contruen,+spread, -coronal, and –anteral) while features of r are (+contren, -spread, +coronal,and +anteral).The only same feature on that table is [+ contruen]. We may conclude that the word which initial letter has [+ contruen] will not cause any change.

           

2. Prefix ‘ne-‘

Models:

·         Ne       +          ala (to take)                 = neala (taken-thing)

·         Ne       +          palu (hammer)             = nepalu (something that is fasten by using hammer)

Those examples also do not change the stem or root. Therefore, let us examine the initial letter features of those two words. The initial letter are t and a. the features of t are (-voiced, +coronal, +anteral, -labial) while features of a are (+low, +back, and –labial).The features shows us the only same feature is [- labial]. So, we may say that the stem or root will not change when prefix ‘ne-‘ attaches to the word or stem whose feature of initial letter is [- labial].

                       

3. Prefix ‘kafe-‘

Models:

·         Kafe    +          owa (to bring)                        = kafeowa (wafting)

·         Kafe    +          ala (to pick)                             = kafeala (something that is picked)

Those examples also do not show any changes when prefix ‘kafe’ is attached. But we need to prove why this happen. The features of o in initial word owa are (+back, +tense, +labial, and –low) while features of a in word ala are (+low, +back, -labial, and – tense). The only same feature of those initial letters is [+ back]. Therefore, we may say that initial letter whose feature is [+ back], will not change the stem or root when it attaches to prefix ‘kafe-‘.                       

           

4. Confix ‘ka-ha’

Models:

·         Ka-ha  +          kala (to keep)              = kakalaha (storage)   

·         Ka-ha  +          finda (to step)             = kafindaha (plale to step on)

Since we know the root or stem in those examples do not change when they attach to confix ‘ka-ha’. But we need to know the features, we take sample features of initial letter in word kala that is k and f in word finda. The features of k are (+back, +tense, +labial, and –low) while features of f are (+low, +back, - labial, - tense). So we may conclude that confix ‘ka-ha’ will not change the form of stem if the initial features (+back), we make this because the only same features is (+back).

           

Nominalization in Manui

There are some ways in nominalizing the words in Manui, such as add:

1. Prefix ‘po-‘

Models:

·      Po         +          Pasi (to throw)                        =Pompasi (thrower-equipment)

·      Po         +          Buri (to write)             = Poburi (writer (thing))        

We can see that prefix po doesn’t chamge the form of the stem when it attaches to the word buri. While in the second sample prefix po changes into pom when it attaches to the word pasi. Based on thi reality we can prove that there are some different features in initial word of pasi namely (+voice, +labial and +anteral).on the other hand features p of prefix po are (-voiced, +labial and +anteral). Based on those data there are differences in  (+/- voiced). Therefore, po will changes if it attaches with the initial letter which has (+voiced) features.

           

2. Prefix ‘pa-‘

Models:

·         Pa        +          Buani (net (N))                        = Pabuani (a person who uses net in catching fish)

·         Pa        +          Tabako (cigarette (N))             =Patabako (smoker)

There are no form changing in both example because when we take sample initial b in word buani this initial letter has features (+voiced,+labial,and +anteral). Features of Initial t in word tabako are (+coronal and +anteral). We may say that when prefix pa attaches to the word wich have the features as those in example will not change the form of the stem.

           

3. Suffix ‘-a’

Models:

·         Lako (to go)                +          -a                     = Lakoa (a place that a person heading to)    

·         Todo (to stop)             +          -a                     = Todoha (a place to stop)

When we compare the final letter of those word above we have the same final letter. Therefore we may take the letter before o in each stem. In word lako we take k with its features (+high, +back, +stop voiceless) and todo we take d which has features (+voice, +coronal, and +anteral). Base on the data above the only difference is voice. So we may conclude that feature (+voiced) will change the form and the second final letter will not change the form.

                                     

4. Confix ‘po-a’

Models:

·         Po-a     +          Lonso  (to jump)                    = Polonsoa (a place to jump)

·         Po-a     +          Buri (to write)                         = Poburia (a place to write)

In those examples, we do not find changes in their stems. However, we need to know the features of initial or final letter in those words. In word lonso, we take l as initial letter and o as final letter. Features of l are [+ consonantal, + lateral, and + coronal, and +anteral], while feature of o is [+back, +labial, and +tense]. In word buri, b as initial letter has [+ voiced, + labial,  and + anteral] as its features, while features of i as final letter are [+ high,  and + tense]. Therefore, we may say that the words, which have similar features, as those in initial or final words above will not change when, attach to confix ‘po-a’.

5. Confix ‘pe-a’

Models:

·         Pe-a     +          fanse  (to throw)                     = Pefansea (a plce to throw)  

·         Pe-a     +          baho    (to take a bath)            = Pebahoa (bathroom)

In this case we can see that there are no any changes when confix ‘pe-a’ attaches the stem. But we can analyze by taking sample in initial f and final e in word fanse. Features of f are (-voice, +contruen, +labial and +anteral). While e (+tense). In word baho, b as the initial letter has features (+ voiced, + labial,  and + anteral) while o as final letter (+back, +labial, and +tense). So, we can conclude that there will be no changes if the features like in those example attaches to confix ‘pe-a’.

Nominalization in Kantuk

Nominalization in Kantuk is formed by:

1. Prefix ‘pe-‘

Models:

·         Pe        +          ajul      (to push)                      = pengajul  (pusher)

·         Pe        +          pencok (to dance)                   = pemencok (dancer)

When prefix pe attaches to the wod which the features of its initial is (+back) such as initial letter a nasal which feature is back will occur. In the second example when prefix pe attaches to initial letter which has feauters (+labial and +anteral) such as p in pencok, m will occur which also has the same features.

2. Prefix ‘ke-‘

Models:

·      Ke         +          turun (to go down)                  = keturun (clan)

·      Ke         +          tuai (old (Adj))                        = ketuai (leader)

There is no changes when prefix k attaches to initial t, which has features (+voiced, +coronal, and +anteral). There will be no change if prefix ke attaches to the initial letter which has the same features as t.

Nominalization in Buol

There are three kinds affixes which form noun in Buol

1. Prefix ‘pom-‘

Models:

·         Pom     +          bugut ( fasten)                        = pomugut (string)      

·         Pom     +          pajeko (plough)                       = pomajeko (ploughman)

·         Pom     +          bokut ( bale )                           = pomokut (packer)

·         Pom     +          butak   (split)                           = pomutak       (spliter )

Base on above nominalitation there sre changes in the stem. It can be proved by examining the features. Initial b in word bugut, bokut,and butak have features (+voiced, +labial, and +anteral), then it  causes b disappear. While iitial p in word pajeko has features (-voiced, +labial, and +antereal). It causes p disappear. So, we may conclude that (+/- voiced) attaches to prefix pom there will be disappearance in initial letter of the root. 

           

2. Prefix ‘pon-‘

Models:

·      Pon       +          tuan (content )                         = ponuan (container)

·      Pon       +          tibot (agate)                            = ponibot (penakik)

·      Pon       +          koyon (cut)                              = ponoyon (cutter)

·      Pon       +          kayi     (dig)                            = ponayi (digger)

In this second example it has the same cases with the first prefix example. The only difference is in the features of initial in word tuan and tubot which has features (-voiced, +coronal, and +anteral) and initial k in word koyon and kayi which has features (-voiced, +high, and +back). Because the features of t and k are (-voiced) this intial letter will disappear when attaches to prefix pon.

3. Confix ‘po-an‘

Models:

a.                               po-an   +          yobug (grave )                         = poyobugan (graveyard)

we just need to concentrate on the initial and final letter of the stem. In word yobug we can see features of y are (-construen, +coronal,and +high) and the features of final g in word yobug are (+voiced, +construen, and +back). So, the letter which has the same features as those in y and g will not cause any changes.