4.1.1.
Inter
sentential Codeswitching
The Sasak community
switched their source language (Base Sasak (S)) into other languages or on the
contrary (i.e. Bahasa Indonesia (I), and English (E)) at sentence or clause
boundaries.
I : sebenar-n wah ngetik muq tedemkh muq wah
sapern
jagaqn muq repak mate badekh.
[actually,
when I was have to typing something however I feel so sleepy then I leave it
sleeping and the next I don’t know what its happen again]
K : aku iye tekeq gawen basaq LCD eto
tumplah aiq takaq glass
aneh
nani keqn angenkh, muq basaqn selapuqn. Laguq ndeqn mate langsung hehehehe, laguq lamun repak keq pire
jagaq kalinen.
[I’m
too, my LCD’s wet because a glass of water spilled into laptop in order to it
is wet overall. However it’s not directly switch off. But mine it is often fall
with uncountable]
1)
I :
ngandot lalokh jagaqn. by the way, I’m forget to bring that book.
[maybe,
it’s because I’m so sleepy. By the way, I’m forget to
bring that book]
2)
K :
it doesn’t matter brother, just make it simple.
lemaq klemaq aneh aku baetn
[it
doesn’t matter brother, just make it simple. I will take it tomorrow morning]
(see LCS 18-19, Appendix 1 &2)
On the data (1) above
show that they switched their first language (Base Sasak) into English in the
form of sentence (switched all words into English in one clause or sentence) to
change the topic in the conversation also giving information or explanation to
their speaking partner. Whereas, it occur to express their apologized because
they forgot to bring something (speaking partner’s book) and they try to giving
a reason. However, they used Base Sasak when they talk particular topic before
they have to change the topic.
Codeswitching on (2)
above show that the Sasak community
using English in the conversation to respond their speaking partner because of
their speaking partner switching Base Sasak into English in the form of
sentence so that, they respond it in same language and form. However, they also
switched it into Base Sasak (return to their first language) after switched
their first language into English.
Mnh : oneq keq rugi-ngkh mbeq lelah
balong, rugi miyak…
mulen
edaq bae..
[this
morning I have loss out, feel tired and
lost our of oil etc]
I : oneq keq nyekenaq aku puqn. Oleqkh leq Mataram,
slow bae tankh bemontor
muq
araq tourist lampaq bae to rembitan ken onas tanaq saaq tegauq
eto. Ngeraos-raoskah muq ean leq Kuta unin. melen temetakh home stay saq
paling muraqn unin.
[I’m
got lucky for today sir. On the way after I return from Mataram I meet with a
tourist walking at Rambitan. After I have to chat with him, he ask me to
looking for the cheaper home stay]
3)
K :
what’s, he looking for the cheaper home stay?
Isin
jelang atau isin pelit iku kire-kire?
[What’s,
he looking for the cheaper home stay? It’s because of he is poor or stingy]
I : nah, ye saq mindahkh. pire paling muraqn
entahm
mampu uningkh?.
Muq
fifty thousand unin. aneh salaq wah ini uningkh.
[I
didn’t know yet, I ask him, how much is
it that you can pay for it?. He said fifty thousand. Oh my God]
(See LCS:32, Appendix: 1 & 2)
Codeswitching occurred
on data above (3) show the Sasak community (participants) surprisingly because
of their speaking partner information and tried to make both of jokes and humor
in conversation. Whereas, they switched their first language in form of
sentence (all words into English in a sentence or a clause), it also to shown
their language skill to other participants in the conversation took place.
4)
(S) ndeqm
nyopir nani oaqn?®(E) Long time no see, what is
your bustle?
not you
drive now sir
®(S)
kelaekh ndeqwah gitaq-gitaqm. (LCS:68)
long time not yet see
see you
[are
you desisting as driver sir? Long time no see, what is your bustle? I have been
long time do not see you]
They switched Base
Sasak (their first language) into English in the form of a clause or sentence
as on above data (4) to show that their a sense of lasting friendships each other in order
to make them more closer in their friendship. The Sasak community
(participants) in the conversation show that their emphatic and sympathy to
their community it can be express by using codeswitching. The data above also
show that the Sasak community switches both Base Sasak and English.
5)
(E) that’s
good idea boss, go ahead. ®(S) sekath tao
mauq
difficult can get
begawean
nani, munth ndeq tao peminaq
dirith.
work (job) now
if not can
make itself
®(I)
Karena
setiap intansi rata-rata
hanya mencari
because every agency
most just looking
yang
sudah berpengalaman.
(LCS:116)
which already
experienced
[that’s
good idea boss, go ahead. it is very
difficult to find the job now, if we cannot do it. Because every agencies only
looking for employment who has an experienced]
Codeswitching among the Sasak community at Kuta central Lombok as occurred above (5) show that they switched in trilingual form,
whereas it occur among English (E), Base Sasak (S), and Bahasa Indonesia in
single turn.
They switched it to
their speaking partners (participants) to show their language skill and
habitation in daily interactions. In addition, they also want to give
motivation to their speaking partner, what they had been done are good job
because it can reduce the unemployment numbers especially at Kuta, Central Lombok.
However, they expressed
their proud to their speaking partner by codeswitching. Whereas, in English (E)
show their proud, and both Base Sasak (S) and Bahasa Indonesia (I) shown their
information that to share it with other participants in conversation took place
especially for their speaking partner.
6)
(E) nothing, I just walk around here.®(S)side, apek
poroqm te? (LCS:153)
You what do
there
[nothing,
I just walk around here. you, what are you doing there?]
Code switching on data
above (6) in form of a clause or a sentence where, it occurred both English (E)
and Base Sasak (S). Where, a sentence in English above (nothing, I just walk
around here [edaq, nyekeq lampaq-lampaq wah nini]) show that they used it
just for prestige and to showing their language skill to their speaking
partner.
7)
(E) don’t worry my brother.
®(S) Jah lupaq nduengkh bae pacu-pacu. (LCS:169)
don’t
forget take pray for me
seriously
[don’t
worry my brother. Don’t forget to take pray for me with seriously]
They used of codeswitching
as above (7) to giving promise for their speaking partner by switching their
first language into English in a clause or sentence. However, after switched
them also showing expectation and ask to their speaking partner for always pray
for them. From the data above concluded that, codeswitching occurred to
expressed for giving promise and their expectation to their speaking partner,
in order to both of them has expectation each other.
8)
(E) stop this debate please; it’s not so
important for us!
®(S)
Serianth raos langanth eaq tao
mauq kepeng ngere maeh. (LCS:194)
better talk
the way will can earn
money than let
[stop
this debate please; it’s not so important for us. Let’s we talking about the
way how to earn money]
Codeswitching occurred
on (8) to express their expectation to their speaking partner in the
conversation to stopping the debate and suggest change with other topic.
Whereas, they switched Base Sasak into English in the form of a clause or a
sentence to show their language skill and for prestige to other participants
who took part in conversation. The data
above has shown the Sasak community at Kuta central Lombok
uses codeswitching between Base Sasak and English. Whereas, English is their
third language and Base Sasak is their first language.
9)
(E) oh…yes,
I get it now. ®(S) Saq eto
kan kenem (LCS:241)
that mean
[oh…yes
I get it now. That’s what you mean right?]
The data (9) above show
that codeswitching occurred among the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok to express their pretend. Whereas, in conversation
they pretend that did not understand about their speaking partner mind. Besides
that, it also occurs because of they want make joke or just for awakening humor
and to showing their language skill to other participants and the people around
them, where the conversation took place.
10) (S) biase
iku keqn. ®(E) their family’s always
usual that
make
a new trouble in everyday.
®(S)
Anuq unin-naq sosok laloqnaq te jolok keluargen nie keqn.
say appropriated call family their
®(E)The complicated family in Rentung.
®(S)
brembe araq kesosoqn? (LCS:243)
How
there is appropriate
[it
is their habitation. no day without problem. . What do you think, if their
family called the complicated family?]
They switched their first
language into English inter sentence between their first language and English
to expressed language skill, also for giving information to their speaking
partner who takes part in the conversation. Whereas, they switched it to conveyed
their explanations about the topic that have been discussing in conversation at
the time. They switched all of words into English it also used by them (Sasak
community) to conveying their opinions to other participants.
11) (E)
it’s still no planning brother, I will see it later.
®(S)Masih-kh engat saq
uwiq aneh.
Still I rember
which yesterday let
ye aran
anuq sakit angen-kh pacu.
yes name sick feel
I true
kembeqnaq mereto tan
robek ban seto. (LCS:282)
why like that way
torn tire that
[it’s
still no planning brother, I will see it later. I’m still remembering about my trouble yesterday. It makes me very disappointed. How can the tire torn like that]
Codeswitching among the
Sasak community as on (11) above show that, their habitation is uses more than
one language in their daily interactions in order to the effected them in
language usage. They switched all words (Base Sasak) into English is to convey
their explanation to speaking partner as well as a prestigious event. In
addition, they switch again into their first language (Base Sasak) is to change
the topic which are going to be discus at the time.
Based on the data
gathered, Codeswitching among the Sasak community at Kuta, Central
Lombok also occurred between Base Sasak (S) and Bahasa Indonesia
(I) beside English (E). As we knew that, Bahasa Indonesia is their second
language also it as the national language (Bahasa Nasional). In addition, most
of them are bilingualism which speech both of Base Sasak and Bahasa Indonesia
in daily interaction; however they also often mixed it each other in single
conversation or turn as the data below;
12) (I) Oh… kalau
masih garansi sih tidak masalah.
If still
guaranty not problem
® (S) ndeqman enam bulan ye? (LCS: 10)
not yet
six month
[oh
it doesn’t matter if it’s still in guaranty. It has already six month yet, right?]
They switched all words
(Base sasak) into Bahasa Indonesia in a clause or sentence, because at the time
(in the conversation) it is more easily spoken than Bahasa Sasak. It occurs
because language and situational factors; in order to they switched their first
language to facilitated communication among them (participants) who took part
in conversation.
13) (S) edaq uninaq
kene yaqn jaet lapunen. Anuq bae unin.
No
voice say this
broken just voice
®
(I) ini tanggung jawab kami karena masih garansinya hahaha. (LCS:15)
This
responsible us because
still guaranty
[they have no comment about the problem . but
they just say, it is my responsibilities because it is in guaranty]
Above codeswitching (13)
occurred after they use Base Sasak, they switched their first language into
Bahasa Indonesia with the aim to telling speaking partner about what their
experienced when they has gone to serve their goods recently. It’s occurs and
serve as referential function because they tell again what they hear before to
their speaking partner, it switch all words in the form of sentence as exactly
as he heard, it occur because it more easily to spoken at the time rather than
they translate it into their first language (Base Sasak), whereas, it need much
time. Hence, they use codeswitching to facilitate the communication among them.
Both of codeswitching
above (data 12 and 13) occurred among the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok because of language and situational
factors that enable to use it. Their habitation in using more than one language
in their daily communication or interaction also triggers the occurrence of
codeswitching in this place, and both data above show that codeswitching not
only occur in bilingual but it also occurs in trilingual form. It occurs depend
on situation and condition, whereas it can be single turn or conversation.
Codeswitching among the
Sasak community at Kuta central Lombok, occur
in every speech events. However, it usually occurs in informal speech event
than formal setting.
14) (E) hallo,
sorry I came late my brother.®(S)Aru –nem anang
ini?(LCS:286)
Early you
come here
[hallo,
sorry I came late my brother. Are you long time been here?]
They use codeswitching
as on data above (14) to express their apology to friends (speaking partner)
because came late. In this speech event, codeswitching occur because the topic
discussion and for awakening humors to each other. Besides
that, also supported by the situation that enable for it. They switched their
first language by switching all words (Base Sasak) into English because it more easily to spoken at the time. If they
translate a sentence above (hallo, sorry I came late my brother) into
their first language [ampurayang semetonkh ndeqkh aru rauh], not effective at
the time, in order to they mostly switched it. Besides that, it also serves as
referential function because they lack of knowledge in their language and lack
of facility in subject. They can speak Base Sasak but they did not understand
about the rule of it.
15) (E)he
will go for holiday.
®(S)
ye kan uni-m
peseq-kh baruq K? (LCS:320)
This right say -you whisper-me just now
[he
will go there for holiday. That’s what you’ve whispering me just now, right K?]
One of occurrence
factors of codeswitching is for awakening humor, as above data (15) show that,
the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok
uses it. Codeswitching above occurred between Base Sasak and English whereas
they switched all words from Base Sasak into English in a clause or sentence to
make some jokes.
16) (S) angkaq
ye tekeq ini
kelelah –kh ber-angan yaq.
Because
of that this
so tire me to
thought this
®(E)
I feel like, I am still training here. (LCS:348)
[That’s
the matter it is unclear yet. I feel like, I am still training here]
Codeswitching on (16)
above occurred between Base Sasak (S) and English (E) whereas, they
(participants) use it in the conversation to express and share their problems
to other participants. Their aim to switch all words from Base Sasak into
English (I feel like, I am still training here [maraq idapkh nyekek
merajah wah nini]) is to stressing what
actually happen in their mind, in order to share it to other participants in
the conversation.
Based on the data
gathered, among the Sasak community at Kuta, Central
Lombok also found intra sentential switching as description below;
4.1.2.
Intra
sentential Codeswitching
The Sasak community
combined or mixed their source language (Base Sasak (S)) into other languages
or on the contrary (i.e. Bahasa Indonesia
(I), and English (E)) within a clause or a sentence. As found on the
data gathered, and as the following description below;
17) (S) lalongkh
jauq anang ken Mandhalika ®(E) home stay
→(S)muq ®(I)
I go bring
to article
paling
muraqn sataq ribu
doang. aneh angen.
most cheap
two hundred thousand just article
mind
®(E)
Very expensive pacu aranen ®(E) home stay sini kalah-kalah®(E)
true names this
lose-lose
hotel
angenkh. Lalongkh jauq anang ken Tuan Salep ®(I)
terus. (LCS:36)
my mind I go bring to keep on (continue)
[I
companied him to Mandalika home stay, but it is the minimum is two hundred
thousand. I said it is very expensive in my mind. So I invite him into Tuan
Salep’s home stay]
Within their (Sasak
community), daily interaction is found that they often switched their first
language (Base Sasak) to other language as occurred on (17). Whereas, found
intra sentential switching for noun or noun phrase. Codeswitching occurs among
Base Sasak, English, and Bahasa Indonesia by inserting word, phrase or clause
in their single turn of the conversation. As on data (17), they switched by
inserting English and Bahasa Indonesia in their utterance, for noun or noun
phrase such home stay, very expensive, and hotel in
English (E) and in Bahasa Indonesia (I) there are paling and terus. It
switched by them because several factors and one of them is linguistics
constraint, where it more easily spoken at the time also serves as referential
function.
18) (S) muq baniqn,
tebengkh seket. ®(I) Terimakasih →(S)mentoqn
article deal I paid fifty thank you article
uningkh. Ketimbangkaq
ngosong anang lauq ole ®(E)
better than nothing
I said rather than solely to
south
®(S)
angenkh. (LCS:39)
my mind
[it’s
deal. And I got fifty thousand. I said thank you. Better than nothing]
Intra sentential
switching on (18) above occurred among Base Sasak (S), Bahasa Indonesia (I) Terimakasih [tampiasih], and English (E)
better than nothing [begaq-begaqn]. They had done it to make jokes also for
prestige to other participants took part in conversation.
19) (S) anuq keq
gawengkh suruq Mnh® (E) call –m (S) baruq®(E) bro.
my aim be ordered to just now
®(S)
eat®(I) bahas®(E)
outline meeting ®(S)
saq lemak ken
will
discuss
for tomorrow at (on)
®(I)
malam ®(S)
kemis, aden
karingth eaq ®(I) tawarin
night Thursday in order to occupy will
offered (to share)
®(S)
leq ®(I)masyarakat.(LCS:46)
to society (audience, participant)
[my
intension to asking Mnh to call you this time. Because we will discusses about
the outline for our meeting at Wednesday night, in order to we just have to
share in the audiences]
The data on (19) show
that, codeswitching among the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok occur
among Base Sasak (S), Bahasa Indonesia (I) malam
[biyan], tawarin [tanjaq], masyarakat [batur loeq] and English (E)call-m [biyan], bro
(brother)[semeton], outline meeting [saq eaqte raos ken sangkep].
While in the word call tagged letter m (call-m) which is constitute of Sasak
clitic. They switched their first language into other language to make jokes
and also just for prestige although it is out of language rules.
20) (S) yoi…side
piranem eaq ®(E)
come back ®(S) anang Anjani?
(LCS:48)
yes
you when will to
[yes,
when did you will return to Anjani]
Codeswitching between
Base Sasak (S) and English (E) come back [tulak] above (20) occurred in
form of verb phrase (VP). Where, the verb phrase has been switched in the
middle of sentence.
21) (E) tomorrow
morning ®(S)
angenkh araq eaq ®(I) urus
in my mind there is will
business
®(S)
sekediq laguq eaq malik tulak ®(I)
sih (LCS:49)
little but
will again return article
[I
think, tomorrow morning, because I have some business, but I return again]
Intra sentential codeswitching
on (21) occurred among Base Sasak (S), Bahasa Indonesia (I) urus [gaweq], and English (E) tomorrow morning [lemaq kelemaq]. Whereas,
it also in forms of noun or noun phrases, they switched first language to other
language as mention above to make some jokes, or just for prestige to other
participants who took part in conversation. Besides that it also because the
situations at the time are enable to use it.
22) (S) anuq kenen K iku, pinaq®(E) draft
meeting ®(I)
doang
article
aim that make just
®(S)
juluq nani (LCS:50)
first
now
[K’s
mean. Now, we just have to design draft meeting]
Linguistics constraints
also trigger occurrence of codeswitching among the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok as occur on above data (22). They switched
it just for prestige although it does not appropriate as in language rules. In
this case, they switched into English (draft meeting) to express that
the main purposes of the topic of conversation they are going to be discuss at
the time and it supported by switching their own word into Bahasa Indonesia (doang) [nggaqn], where codeswitching occurred above is serve as
expressive function.
23) (S) oh….aneh
mento. laguq mbeq eaqm laiq iku, eaqm ®(E) go home
It’ ok but where are you go that
you will
®(S)
kenenem? (LCS:57)
your purpose
[oh…
it’s ok, by the way where are you going. Are you will go home?]
Codeswitching occurred
above (23) show that, intra sentential
codeswitching in form of verb phrase. Whereas, they switched their own language
(Base Sasak) to English (E) go home [oleq] by inserting in the middle of
sentence. It occurs between Base Sasak-English to express their aim and make some
jokes to each other with the participants who took part in conversation.
24) (E) hallo,
how are you?®(S) mbe taoqm iku?. aku niaq taoqkh.
Where your place that I am
here my place
anuq Jnl
jauq ®(E) motor
bike ®seto araq tamu
eaq ngengadu.
article bring those have guest will use it
laguq nyeken ®(I)
masih ®(I)
ber ®(E)
dialogue ®(S)
ruenen taoh.
but in the process of still article look that
®(E)
Ok ®(S) sudah launkh®(E) call ®(S) Adr cobaq. (LCS:92)
ready latter I try
[hallo,
how are you. Where are you? I’m here, Jnl bring that motor bike there guest
want to rent it. But he looks still dialog over there. Ok Adr, I’ll call you
later]
The habitual action of
people or community within using more than one language may not avoid that codeswitching
occurrence among them. It also found among the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok, they often mix their first language to
other language in single turn or in single conversation. Codeswitching occurred
above (24) among Base Sasak (S), Bahasa Indonesia (I) and English (E). Above
data, show that codeswitching for noun or noun phrase and verb or verb phrase
in English form. However, there also found Indonesia affixation (e.g the article
ber in word ber-dialogue, which is a prefix).
25) (S) aoq pacu,
kepeng ®(I)
doang →(S)bis nani keqn lamunth eaq
yes
true money just finish now
if we will be
nyalon. ye aran anuk®
(I) menang karena ®(E)
money politic
candidate name win because of
®(S)
nani keq ®(I) calon®
(S) sini, rate-ratenen mento soaln.
(LCS:99)
Now candidate here
equally like this the problem is
[right,
nowadays we have loss much money if we will be candidate. It is commonly chosen
because of money politic]
The data on (25) found
that, Intra sentential codeswitching for noun or noun phrase. Whereas, it
occurred among Base Sasak (S), Bahasa Indonesia (I) doang[nggaqn], menang karena[mauq/jari isiq kepeng] and
English (E) money politic [kadu kepeng]. They switched their own
language into other language by inserting word or phrase within a clause or
sentence of their first language as shown above.
26) (S) lemaq te ng®(E)order
D. ®(S)
nani keq
tomorrow will we now (because)
®(E)
no money ®
(S) ini. (LCS:111)
this
(problem)
[D,
tomorrow I’ll have to order. Because now I have no money]
As the data gathered
found that intra sentential codeswitching for noun or noun phrases the most
common form for Sasak-English and bilingualsm of the Sasak community. They
switched to English as shown above (26) by inserting words or phrases in their
own language to express and to show their language skill to other participants
who took place in the conversation especially with speaking partner.
27) (E) ok, let’s
go ®(S)
segerahn ndeqwah meleng ye? (LCS:122)
impossible not yet get up
right
[ok,
let’s go. We hope it already get up]
Codeswitching above
occurred in first sentence of their first language as on above data (27).
Whereas, it occurs between Base Sasak - English (ok, let’s go[aoq, nteh
lampaq mento]) to respond the speaking partner invitation or to express
intimate each other. Intra sentential switching above occur for verb or verb
phrases.
28) (E) hehehe that’s right ®(S) mule iye! (LCS:124)
true right (that’s right)
[that’s
right]
Intra sentential
switching above occurred as repetition whereas, both phrase that’s right
(E) and mule iye (S) are same meaning. They switched it just for awakening
humor also for prestige to other participants, which took part in the
conversation.
29) (S) laun keq
keruanen, nyawung nyataqn®(E) team
success
later clear (can be seen) have action
®(S)
siku. (LCS:133)
that
[just
waiting for few time the team success will have to action]
They switched own
language into other language because of linguistic constraints as intra
sentential switching occurred above (29) serves as referential function because
it more easily to spoken at the time in conversation. Where, above codeswitching
occurred between Base Sasak - English in form of noun or noun phrase.
30) (E) hallo,
®(S)
niaq ken TPS. edaq Smrt bae kance
araq
here at nothing with have (there is)
dengan Rangkap endah niaq. Nyeken ®(E) check situation and condition
people also here
doing
®(I)
doang ®(S)
ruen yaq. Ean ®(I) tantang ®(S)
betaroq bae unin laguq
just look this
will challenge bet said but
ndeqkh ntemin-teminen.
oh aoq aneh mento . (LCS:144)
not
I respond yes
[hallo,
I am at TPS. Nothing just Smrt and there is a Rangkap’s people. He just checks
situation and condition at this place only. He challenges me to bet but I
denied it. Ok see you]
Codeswitching on data (30)
occurred because of situational factor whereas, when they got phone in order to
it. Intra sentential codeswitching above for verb or verb phrases form,
whereas, it occurs among Bahasa
Sasak, Base Indonesia, and English
in single conversation. Because of the situation and condition which are enable
it to used by them although it just for prestige to other participants who took
part in conversation.
31) (E) hahaha, absolutely
right ®(S)
pacu laloqn iku (LCS:150)
true that (absolutely
right)
[absolutely
right]
They switched their
first language to other language as on above (31) just for awakening humor and
for prestige. Whereas, intra sentential codeswitching above can serves as
repetition function because both of English - Base Sasak word above are same
meaning.
32) (S) aro…®(E) don’t
worry bro, ®(S) tenang bae. (LCS:175)
Article easefully
(don’t worry)
[ok,
don’t worry brother]
They switched their
first language to other language as on above (32) just for awakening humor and
for prestige. Whereas, intra sentential codeswitching above can serve as
repetition function because both of English - Base Sasak word above are same
meaning, it similar as found on data (31) above.
33) (S) araq ®(E) meeting
®(S)sekedik…hehehehe….®(E) ok…
have(there is) little
®(I)
sudah ®(E)
see you later. (LCS178)
already
[there
is meeting. Ok see you later]
Codeswitching occurred
above (33) is occurring among Base Sasak(S), Bahasa Indonesia (I) sudah [uwah], and English (E) meeting
[sangkep] ok [aoq] see you later[aoq aneh mento] whereas, it in
single turn or single conversation. Intra sentential codeswitching occurred
above in form of noun or noun phrase. It occurs because of several factors and
one of them is an effect of them in uses or mixed more than one language in
daily interactions, beside for awakening humor, for prestige but it also
linguistic constraints.
34) (S) wahm ®(E) watching
football ®(S) uiq bian ye? (LCS:181)
Have (already)
yesterday night right (last night)
[did
you have been watching football last night?]
Above (34) intra
sentential codeswitching occurs just for awakening humor and prestige to other
participants in conversation, beside that they also want to show their language
skill. Whereas, they switched own language into English, it commonly occurs as
constituents boundaries.
35) (I) maklum ®(S) saq aran ®(E) guide
freelance ®(S) wah (LCS:186)
informed names
already
[enunciated,
we are freelance guide]
Codeswitching among the
Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok as
above (35) classified in intra sentential switching whereas it in form of noun
or noun phrase. It occurred in first sentence switch into Bahasa Indonesia,
followed by their own language (Base Sasak), again switched into English and at
the end of sentence switched into own language, in order to they switched in
trilingual language within single turn.
36) (S) aoq
pacu Laguq,® (E) by the
way what time
yes
true (it’s true) but
®(S)
keq ini wah? (LCS:195)
this now (right now)
[that’s
right. But, by the way what time is it?]
Intra sentential codeswitching
occurred by them on (36) to shifting the topic discussion. It occurred in middle
of sentence their own language which form is noun phrase, but it function is to
show their language skill to participants which is took part in conversation
which occurred between Base Sasak - English.
37) (E) eat go
home together ®(S) jarinen ini? (LCS:201)
would this
[it’s
mean we’ll go home together right?]
Codeswitching between
Base Sasak and English as occurred on above data (37) is to express or to show
their language skill. It also to invited
other participants to use codeswitching, altogether although by inserting the
words, phrases, clauses or sentence from other language to own language.
38) (S) Talim
piran, laguq demen bedowe®(I) mobil
formerly(before) but when
have car
®(S)
muq ®(E) loss
contact ®(S) terus kance
nie.(LCS:266)
so
then with he/she (he)
[Talim
before, but during he have Car he also lose contact with me]
The data on (38) show that intra sentential
switching in trilingual, among Base Sasak (S), Bahasa Indonesia (I), and
English (E) in form of noun or noun phrase and adverb of phrase whereas, they
switched their own language into other language to express what happen to
themselves to other participants at the conversation.
39) (S) laguq
melenen araq ®(E) basic skill
but
should have
®(S)
juluq sekediq. mane-mane ®(I) ngerti
fisrt little at least understand
®(S)
carente ®(E) starter
®(I) mobil (LCS:236)
how car
[but
we should have basic skill before. Minimally understand how to switch on the
car]
As on data (39) also
occur on above data (38) show intra sentential switching in trilingual, among
Base Sasak (S), Bahasa Indonesia (I), and English (E) in form of noun or noun
phrase and adverb of phrase whereas, they switched own language into other
language to express what happen to themselves and the important thing should
have before done their planning whereas, it shared to other participants in
conversation.
40) (S) piranemaq
lalo®(E)
be guide ®(S) side Apr? Ksm keq
when you
go
you
®(E)
active be guide ®(S)ye?
(LCS:245)
right
[when
did you go to be guide Apr? Ksm is look very active as guide right?]
Codeswitching occurred
above (40) show that intra sentential switching in bilinguals, it between Base
Sasak (S), and English (E) in form of noun or noun phrase. Whereas, they
switched own language into other language to express invitation in uses codeswitching
to other participants in conversation especially for their speaking partner.
41) (S) lamun to
Novotel keq ®(E)
one by one →(S)tan lampaq
if article way walk (rent)
→ (E)motor bike
→(S)kance ®(I) mobil. ®(S)
jari ®(I) tergantung
with car so depend on
kebutuhan ®(E)
tourist ®(S) saq mite. ®(I) teratur,
tertib ®(S) wah
need who search
(need) tidy orderly
®(E) model-n. (LCS:254)
[if
in Novotel the motor bike and car is rent one by one. So it is depend on
tourist needed. The way is tidy]
Linguistic constraints
also as one of several factors that codeswitching occurs among the Sasak
community at Kuta, Central Lombok, as on
(41) intra sentential codeswitching occurred among Base Sasak (S), Bahasa
Indonesia (I), and English (E). It can serves as phatic function because since speaking
different languages is an obvious marker of deferential group membership, by
switching language bilinguals or multilinguals often have the option of
choosing which group to identify within a particular situation, and thus can
convey the metaphorical meaning which goes along with such choice as well as
whatever denotative meaning is conveyed by the code itself. They have to done
it also because of their habitual action in their daily interaction within or
out of their community.
42) (S) angkaq
baruqkh ®(E)
call-n →(S)nyeken ®(E) on the way ®(S) unin.
yes recently
still
said
Laguq elen
oneq sih kene mento.(LCS:258)
But still
long time said like that
[I
have to call him recently he said still on the way. But he said like that since
this afternoon]
Codeswitching occurred
on (42) show that, Sasak community in this place switched first language into
English by inserting words or phrase. On above data intra sentential codeswitching
for verb or verb phrase and noun or noun phrase, in addition there also consist
of Sasak affixes (which tag in word call become call-n whereas, the clitic -n which is the suffix of Base Sasak). See also
Saville-Troike (1989).
43) (E) ok, no
problem ®(S)
saq ®(E)
big bottle ®(S) iku? (LCS:264)
which
that
[ok
no problem but it is big bottle right?]
Intra sentential codeswitching
above data (43) in form of noun or noun phrase and it occurred between Base
Sasak and English. Whereas, they switched their own language into English by
inserting word or phrase in their first language a clause or sentence. See also
Saville-Troike (1989).
44) (S) aneh mento, ®(E) thank you
water
all right
®(I)-nya. Assalumu’alaekum
(LCS:274)
[ok
see you and thanks for water. Assalumualaekum]
Above data (44) show
that intra sentential codeswitching among Base Sasak, Bahasa Indonesia, and English.
It also found the article –nya (I), as suffix after the word water. Its suffix
has function as possessive marker in this sentence. They switched their first
language to other language as mention above because of their habitation. See
also Gunarwan in Saville-Troike (1989).
45) (S) lamun ®(E) including
everything ®(S) keq due olas
ratus unin.
If
twelve hundred he said
laguq lamunaq ®(E) transport ®(I)
doang ®(S)
keq baluq ratus,
but if
only eight
hundred
laguq ye saq ndenman
keruan pilihanen masih ini,
unin.
But it still
not yet clear their choice right
now said
nani Ns ean leq ini ye gingkh tenaqm leq
ini baruq. (LCS:284)
now will
come here that why I invite you
come here recent
[if
it is including everything is one million and two hundred thousand he said. But
if it is only for transport is eight hundred thousand, but is still unclear
yet, Ns will come here now. That’s way I call you]
The data on (45) show
intra sentential codeswitching occurred in trilingual, they switched by
inserting other language into their language within a clause or sentence of
their own language although it not as among language rules. This type of codeswitching
can serve as phatic function. (see also Appel, 1987)
46) (E) that’s
right brother. ®(S) biase araq ®(E) trouble
usual have (there is)
®(S)
sekedik. (LCS:290)
little
[that’s
right brother. I have a little bit trouble]
They switched their
first language with English and it occurred in the first and inserting in the
middle of their language sentence. Intra sentential codeswitching occurred
above (46) is in the form of noun or noun phrase.
47) (E) where are
you going-m ®(S) iku tuaq Oj?. Eaqm lalo ®(E) be guide
that uncle will you go
®(S)
pedas ye? (LCS:304)
it’s true right
[where
are you going, are you go be guide right?]
On (47) intra
sentential codeswitching found that Sasak clitic is tagging in the word going
(E) become going-m. In this case, it functions as suffix whereas; it indicated
the subject marker (s.m).
48) (S) edaq mule
ini ®(E)
first destination–kh
nothing
indeed here
®(S) maraq
unin dengan bat (LCS:322)
like (as) said
people west
[nothing,
here is my first destination as western people’s said]
They switched their
first language into English as on data (48) above to show language skill to
other participants, which are took part in this conversation. However, in the
word destination is tagged by Sasak clitic (-kh) after that word and it becomes
destination-kh which is suffix that indicated possessive marker (p.m). Intra sentential codeswitching on above data
in form of noun or noun phrase, whereas they switched by inserting English
phrase in the middle of their own language sentence in single turn and
conversation.
49) (E) broken
sandal ®(S) saq piran wahte beli eto ®(E)bro (LCS:
325)
which
ago have to buy that
[the
sandal that I was bought is broken brother]
Intra sentential codeswitching
above (49) occurred in first and last sentence of Base Sasak. Beside that it
also in the form of noun or noun phrase. On above codeswitching also can serves
as referential functions because the word sandal (E) always used by them (Sasak
community) to switch the word lelampak in their first language (S).
50) (S) meriaq keq
unin Snp lamun bau keqn ®(E)as soon as possible
like this said if can
®(S)
aden aru ®(E)clear
®(S)uninen. (LCS:328)
In order to quick said
[Snp
said it as soon as possible in order to its clear soon]
Their motivate to use
more than one languages in their daily interactions has affected in language
usage as on data above (50) occurs intra sentential codeswitching by inserting English
word in middle of sentence their own
language (Base Sasak) for noun or noun phrase.
51) (S) ye saq
aran irup wah. ®(E) Sometimes lucky sometimes
this is
name life
®(I)
susah. (LCS:331)
sad
[that
is a life. Sometimes lucky sometimes sad]
Codeswitching among the
Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok often
found among Base Sasak(S), Bahasa Indonesia (I), and English. They often mix
more than one languages although in single turn or conversation. It because of
them is bilinguals (Base Sasak as local language (Bahasa Daerah)
and Bahasa Indonesia as National language (Bahasa Nasional)). As codeswitching
occurred on data above (51), it occurs in trilingual.
52) (S) mbe eleq ®(E) owner
bungalow ®(S) sini? (LCS:355)
where
from
this
[where
is the owner of this bungalow’s come from?]
The data above (52)
show that, they switched their first language by inserting English words into
their own language. Its inserting English phrase in the middle of a sentence
although it is not real both languages rules and it is in form of noun or noun
phrase. However in this case there found the word bungalow is using by them in
every speech event when they want to discuss similar topic, because of the word
bungalow is easily to spoken than if they try to translate it in their first
language and this type of codeswitching can serve as referential function.
53) (I)pantesan→(E) tourist ®(S) eaq ®(E) check out
®(S)
eto? (LCS:359)
apropriate will that
[that
is approximately. Is that tourist will check out?]
Noun or noun phrase of
intra sentential also occurred on (53) whereas; it also occurred by inserting
Bahasa Indonesia word or phrase to their own language at first sentence and
inserting English, the middle of
sentence to change the topic discussion.
54) (S) pire
ajin udang ®(E) king
prawn ®(S)
nani?
(LCS:364)
how
much price prawn now
[how
much is the king prawn now?]
Intra sentential code
switching on data above (54) occurred by inserting English word or phrase in
the middle of sentence. They switched own language as shown above causes of
several factors such as; for awakening humors, for prestige to show their
language skill, education level, language (linguistic constraints), situation,
habitation in daily interaction whereas, they often mixing more than one
language into their first language.
4.1.3.
Tag
(emblematic) Codeswitching
Beside both of inter
sentential and intra sentential code switching, there also tag (emblematic) switching
occurred among the Sasak community at Kuta central Lombok
as the data gathered. Here are the definition of Tag-switching is the switching of either a tag phrase or a word, or both, from
language B to language A (Fishman, Joshua. 1967). Tag switches involve an
exclamation, a tag, or parenthetical in another language then rest of sentence
(Appel, 1987:118).
In this research, found
that, they switched either a tag phrase or a word or both of them from their
first language (Base Sasak) to another language or on the contrary (i.e. Bahasa Indonesia (I), and English
(E)). It is usually in trilingual.
Furthermore, in this
study the writer forms mentioned the forms of tag switching and as the data
gathered found that, it is in root word. Root word is the word that not yet
adding with affixes, which included free morpheme. Generally, most of languages
in around the word included Base Sasak (S) has consist of four main syntaxes
such as; (a) Noun, (b) Verb, (c) Adjective, and (d) Adverb. Beside among of
them there is also numeral as addition of discussion as the following
description below;
- Noun
55)
|
maeh
®cigarette
®iku ®sebungkus
®juluq, Mnh yaqn
ngodot yaq buqn. (LCS:1)
[Mom, take me a pack of cigarette please. Here
Mnh want to smoke]
The
words maeh, iku, juluq, yaqn, ngodot and yaq are belong to Base Sasak (S),
while the word sebungkus is belong to
Bahasa Indonesia (I), and the word cigarette is belong to English (E).
Within single continence, they usually mixing first language to another, it
occur because of the situation that enable for it, also just for prestige. In addition, on the data (55) occurs in trilingual form.
56)
|
aku
iye tekeq gawen basaq LCD eto tumplah aiq takaq® glass
aneh
nani keqn angenkh, muq basaqn selapuqn. Laguq ndeqn mate ®langsung
hehehehe, →laguq lamun repak keq pire jagaq kalinen.
(LCS:17)
[I’m
too, my LCD’s wet because a glass of water spilled into laptop in order to it
is wet overall. However it’s not directly switch off. But mine it is often fall
with uncountable]
All
the words are belong to Base Sasak (S), except
the langsung is belong to
Bahasa Indonesia (I) and the word glass
is belong to English (E). They usually use
word glass when they
want to say lomur, it because this word very familiar than word lomur, although it in own language.
57)
|
anuq
muleq iye ®style
→muenen iku keq ®lasing
(LCS:41)
[that
is, his face style]
They
usually tagging
the word style that is
belong to English (E), in their first language (Base Sasak) with the main purpose is for awakening
humor, as on
above data (57).
All words are belonging to Base Sasak (S), except the word style (E) and
lasing (I).
58)
|
mbe® group-m tuaq Sr? (LCS:52)
[where
is your group?]
This
example showing that, they interpret and translate the word group (E)
into their first language (Base Sasak). It word usually using for asking
friends or partners. While the function of letter –m which is tagged in word group (E) becomes group-m,
is represent an affixation in form of suffix and it indicated to possessive
marker (pm). Moreover, all
words in the above are belonging to Base Sasak (S), except the word style that is belong to English (E).
59)
|
o…
mento. ®terus
®lamun to Novotel
sai jari ®partner-m?
(LCS:
247)
[o…so
whose your partner in Novotel?]
The data
as mention above (59)
show that codeswitching among the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok
occurred by tagging
word in their first language by switched their own language to other languages. Whereas, all of words above belong to
Base Sasak, except the word terus
belong to Bahasa Indonesia and the word partner belong to English. It
also tagging Sasak suffix in the word partner become partner-m
which indicated
as possessive marker (p.m).
60)
|
iku→
datang ®manager
–m ®ruen (LCS:318)
[that’s
your manager’s coming]
The
Sasak suffix tag in word manager (E) becomes manager –m is indicated
as possessive marker (p.m).
The data (60) show that, the Sasak community often
switching
their first language to other languages by tagging word in a clause, sentence in single turn or
conversation. The Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok
always use
the word manager to switch their own word [pengejap] especially to call the
people who have
profession (work) as manger in institution such as hotel or others. However,
they always use it for awakening humor (make jokes), when they use that word
for other people which are not work as manager as above example.
61)
|
angkaq
piranaq keruan eaq jari ®salary-m
®mento? (LCS:349)
[so,
when it is clear for your salary?]
Above
data (61) show that, the Sasak Community at Kuta
central Lombok switched their first language
into English as they switch the word [upaq] from their language into English
become salary-m. However, it also tagged their first language suffix –m in the
word whereas it functions
as possessive marker (p.m).
62)
|
o….lamun
®masalah
®kepengen keq iku
ketuan,® assistant
®keduenen nie ®setelah
Dn. (LCS:97)
[if
you want to know about his money,
please ask Mnh, he is second assistant after Dn]
In
daily interactions, word assistant (E) usually used to switchh word [panjak/panakawan] (S). Because of
the word assistant is usually used to call the boss or rich man’s servant.
Hence, it more polite than word panjak. Besides that, the speech event supported to switchover their language to other
or on contrary.
63)
|
o…nie
→candidate →termuda →wiq to (LCS:106)
[o…
he is the youth candidate over there]
The
topic and limitation of language usage the factors of the speaker (Sasak community) used codeswitching, as on (63)
above. The word candidate is belonging to English (E), while termuda is belonging to Bahasa Indonesia
(I) and others are belong to Base Sasak (S).
64)
|
ndeq,…→mule
ye →rule-n (LCS:143)
[no,
it is the rule]
Above data (64) showed, they (Sasak community) switched first
language (Base Sasak) to English. While the letter –n which tagged in that word, represent Sasak affixation in form of
suffix whereas it indicated
as possessive marker (p.m).
All of the words are belonging to Base Sasak, except the word rule
because it is belong to English.
65)
|
kembeq
mentoqn…apek jari ®problem-n
(LCS:158)
[what’s
the problem]
Above
data (65) show that, they switched their own
word (Base Sasak [sengkale]) into English (problem) where, they also
tagged
Sasak suffix to indicated
possessive in word problem (E) become problem-n. Above tag (emblematic) switching occurred
between Base Sasak and English.
66)
|
maraq
®body-n
®gajah. mulem
jadik pade (LCS:190)
[look
like elephant’s body, you are wily]
Codeswitching occurred above (66) they (Sasak community) tagging English word (body) in middle of
sentence, whereas the word body usually use by them just for awakening humor as
mentioned
on above data.
Beside that also tagged own
suffix (Base Sasak) in word body (E) becomes body-n
which is indicated
the possessive marker (p.m).
67)
|
promise
®laguq aoq, jah
uninnem ®doang
(LCS:170)
[but
it promise ok]
Codeswitching
occurred above (67)
is tag (emblematic) switching which (Sasak
community) uses by tagging
English word (promise) in
first
of sentence. Above data also
occurs among Base
Sasak, Bahasa Indonesia and English whereas, it example usually occur to
express language skill to other participants in conversation.
68)
|
ye
baum saq ®playboy
®laloqn wah iku (LCS:191)
[that’s
the effect of playboy man]
The
word playboy (E) which tagging
in the middle of sentence above (68)
show that they switched their first language into English for awakening humor
also for prestige to other participants,
which took
part in the conversation.
69)
|
uwiq-uwiq
keq araq bae® channel ®nani keq edaq. Batah wiq laguq mbe jagaq
lain kabur. Sugih wah nani nie keqn, ®bodyguard® bedoen. Piran keq ye doang. (LCS:225)
[I
always have channels before but now nothing. Usually with Batah but when he
become rich man he lose contact with me. He also have bodyguard now]
All words on above (69) are
belong to Base Sasak except words kabur [nyedi], doang [nggaqn] is belong to
Bahasa Indonesia, and words channel, and bodyguard is belong to English, because codeswitching occurred on above
data occurs in trilingual. While word bodyguard (E) often used by them (Sasak community) to express
language skill to other participants in conversation
and it also for awakening humor to
each
other.
70)
|
Awnk
ketuan ye jari ®coordinator
(LCS:229)
[you
can ask Awnk he is the coordinator]
The
word coordinator (E) as on above (70)
uses by them depends
on situation and condition of speech event. Codeswitching occur above between
Base Sasak -
English whereas, all words are belong to Base Sasak except the word coordinator, which is belonging to English.
71)
|
isin
edaq ®money
®doang
®apin ini (LCS:231)
[the
problem is I have no money, now]
All
words on tag (emblematic) switching
(71)
belong to Base Sasak except the word doang
is belong to Bahasa Indonesia, and the word money is belong to English, whereas, codeswitching occurred above in
trilingual form. While, word money (E) usually uses it to show language skill or maybe just for
prestige and awakening humor to
each
other depend on speech event that enable for it.
72)
|
edaq,
angkaq nani celingaq doang ®driver
®siku lamun edaq® guide-n. (LCS: 234)
[nothing,
in order to most of driver look confused when they have no guide]
Because
of situations
that enable to use codeswitching in this place in order to it cannot avoid.
They often mix their language to others because the situation required to using it. Codeswitching occurred between Base
Sasak -
English whereas, they switched
their own language (Base Sasak) into English by tagging word as on (72). While word driver (E) often
switch by them to show language skill or it easily to spoken at the time hence,
it used depend on speech event.
73)
|
araq
®water
®te Rw? (LCS:261)
[is
there water Rw?]
Because
of situations
that enable to use codeswitching in this place in order to it cannot avoid. They often mix their
language to others because of situation required to use it. Codeswitching occurred
between Base Sasak -
English whereas;
they switched
their own language (Base Sasak) into English by tagging word as on (73). While the word water (E) often
switch by them to show language skill or it easily to spoken at the time hence,
it used depend on speech event.
74)
|
iku
®brother
®nyeken ®stress(LCS:289)
[he
is brother, he feel stress now]
Their
habitation and situation that enable to use codeswitching in this place in
order to it cannot avoid. They often mix their language to others because of
situation required
to use it. Codeswitching occurred between Base Sasak - English whereas, they switch own
language (Base Sasak) into English by tagging word as such on (74). While the word brother (E)
often switched
by them to show their language skill or it easily to spoken at the time hence,
it used depend on speech event.
75)
|
anuq
K ean ngenuan pire ajin ®ticket ®anang Bali.
(LCS:319)
[K
want to ask you how much for ticket to Bali]
The
word ticket (E) as mention above (75)
is very familiar to the Sasak community at Kuta, Central
Lombok. Because of it, in order to they often use it to switch
their own word [kercis] in their daily interaction. Whereas, above
codeswitching is occurred between Base Sasak - English which very commonly used by
Sasak community at this place, it also because their habitation mixes more than one language in daily
interaction.
76)
|
sengaqm
saq ndeq kadu ®sandal
®kenengkh (LCS:323)
[I
asking you like that because didn’t use sandal]
The
word sandal (E) as mentioned
above (76)
is very familiar to the Sasak community at Kuta, Central
Lombok. Because of it in order to they often
use it to switch their own word [lelampak] in their daily interaction. Whereas,
codeswitching occurs
between above Base
Sasak - English which
very commonly use by Sasak community at this place, it also because their
habitation mix more than one language in their daily interaction.
77)
|
araq→
trouble →sekediq uwiq. (LCS:330)
[there
have something trouble yesterday]
Tag (emblamtic) codeswitching above (77) occurred between Base Sasak and
English whereas, they (Sasak community) switched their own language to other
language,
it usually occurs depend on speech event. It also occurs because their habitation mixes more than one language in daily interaction. Whereas, above
codeswitching also to express their problem and language skill to other
participants which took
part in conversation.
78)
|
lamun
saq® kamar nomor ®telu keq iku ken ®restaurant
®taoqn nyeken ®breakfast
®saq tokol ken
deket ®owner
®iku (LCS:338)
[if
the room number three is, here at restaurant which having breakfast who take
sit near the Bungalow’s owner]
All
words on data (78) are
belong to Base Sasak except the word kamar
nomor is belong to Bahasa Indonesia, and the word restaurant, breakfast,
and owner is belong to English. Where, codeswitching occurred above in trilingual form. While, word owner
(E) usually used
to show language skill or may just for
prestige and awakening humor each other depend on speech event that enable for
it.
79)
|
sai
jari ®security
→nini (LCS:358)
[who
is as security here?]
The
word security (E) as mention on
(79) very familiar in Sasak community at Kuta, Central
Lombok. They often used it to switch own word [penjage] in
daily interactions
especially for someone
which
is work as security at institution.
Whereas, above codeswitching is occur between Base Sasak and English which is
very commonly used by the Sasak
community at this place, it also because their habitation mixes more than one languages in their daily interaction.
- Verb
80)
|
mbe
laim→ service? (LCS:3)
[Where
do you service it?]
The
word service (E) as mentioned
above (80)
very familiar to the Sasak community at Kuta, Central
Lombok. Because of it they often use it to
switch their own word [kerisaq] in daily interaction especially to express term repair electronic tool,
machine or other things. Whereas, above codeswitching is occurs between Base Sasak and English which is
very commonly used by Sasak community at this place, it also because their
habitation mixes
more than one language in their daily interaction in order to code switching may not avoid.
81)
|
cobaq→
call Mrdn →endah→ sekali (LCS:28)
[please
try to call Mrdn also]
They
often switched own word [kuwih] into English (call) when they need to contact
someone by phone, as codeswitching occurs on (81)
whereas, they ask to their speaking partner to contact someone. Codeswitching
above occurred in trilingual whereas, all word are belong to Base Sasak except word sekali which is belong to Bahasa
Indonesia, and the word call is belong to English.
82)
|
Alk
angkat-n →baruq. Anp nyeken→ sleeping
→unin.(LCS:44)
[it
is answering by Alk. He said Anp is sleeping]
They
often (Sasak community) switched their own word [tedem] into English (sleeping)
just for prestige and awakening humor, as codeswitching occur on (82) whereas, codeswitching above occurs in trilingual whereas, all word above are belong to Base Sasak except word angkat-n which is belong to Bahasa
Indonesia, and the word sleeping is belong to English.
83)
|
anuq
wah irop wah mate. laguq cobaq→ check →bae juluq (LCS:82)
[sometimes,
but you should check first]
They
often (Sasak community) switched own word [perisaq] into English (check) within
daily interaction because this word more easily to spoken at the time, as
codeswitching occurred on (83)
whereas, codeswitching above occurring
in bilingual where, all words
above are
belong to Base Sasak except the
word
check is belong to English.
84)
|
aoq
kanak siaq→ café →masih tendok ken →atas
→mije. mbe taoq dengan eaq→ breakfast →mun merini keqn (LCS:121)
[why
you are sleeping on the table it is café you know. There is no place for guests
having breakfast if like this]
They
often (Sasak community) switched own word [nyampah] into English (breakfast)
just for prestige and awakening humor, as codeswitching occurred on (84) whereas, codeswitching above occur in
trilingual whereas, all words
above are
belong to Base Sasak except word atas
which is belong to Bahasa Indonesia, and the word café and breakfast is belong
to English.
85)
|
wahkh
betaroq baruq muq cancel (LCS:126)
[I
have to bet recent but it cancel]
They
often (Sasak community) switch own word [borong] into English (cancel) just for
prestige and awakening humor, as codeswitching occur on (85) where, codeswitching above occur in
bilingual whereas, all words
above are
belong to Base Sasak except the word cancel is belong to English.
86)
|
terus
→berembe, tanaq saq wahm→ survey →kance Bdr eto? (LCS:156)
[so,
how about the land that has been survey with Bdr]
They
often (Sasak community) switch own word [gitaq/perisaq] into English (survey)
just for prestige and awakening humor, as codeswitching occurred on (86) where, codeswitching above occur in
trilingual whereas, all words
are belong to Base Sasak except word terus which is belong to Bahasa
Indonesia, and the word survey is belong to English.
87)
|
mbe
eaq→ check →juluq. Edaq- edaq laguq mum→ hidden →jagaq ini (LCS:237)
[let
me check. You can say nothing but maybe you have to hidden it]
They
often (Sasak community) switched word [buniq] into English (hidden) just for
prestige and awakening humor, as codeswitching occur on (87) where, codeswitching above occur in
bilingual whereas, all words
above are
belong to Base Sasak except the word check and hidden is belong to English.
88)
|
maeh
melet te- →drink →idapn yaq (LCS:262)
[take
me please , I want to drink]
They
often (Sasak community) switch own word [ngenem] into English (drink) just for
prestige and awakening humor, as codeswitching occurred on (88) whereas, codeswitching above occur in
bilingual whereas, all words
above are
belong to Base Sasak except the word drink is belong to English and it also occur depend
on speech event.
89)
|
oh….understand
→nani keqn. ye kenem iku Rw hehehe? (LCS:269)
[oh…
I understand it now. that you means Rw?]
They
often (Sasak community) switch own
word [naon] into English (understand) just for prestige and awakening humor, as
codeswitching occurred on (89) whereas, codeswitching above occur in
bilingual where, all words
above are
belong to Base Sasak except the word understand
is belong to English and it also occur depend on speech event.
90)
|
anuq
girang→ complain →saq kancenen eto (LCS:354)
[her
couple is often complain]
They
often (Sasak community) switched own word [ngerotong/ ngeromon] into English
(complain) just for prestige and awakening humor, as codeswitching occurred on
(90)
where, codeswitching above occur in bilingual whereas, all words above are belong to Base Sasak except the word complain is belong to English and it also occurs depend on speech event.
- Adjective
91)
|
oneq
keq nyekenaq aku puqn. Oleqkh leq
Mataram, →slow →bae tankh
bemontor muq araq→ tourist →lampaq bae to rembitan ken onas tanaq
saaq tegauq eto. Ngeraos-raoskah muq ean leq Kuta unin. melen temetakh→ home
stay saq→ paling →muraqn unin. (LCS:31)
[I’m
got lucky for today sir. On the way after I return from Mataram I meet with a
tourist walking at Rambitan. After I have to chat with him, he ask me to
looking for the cheaper home stay]
All
of words on (91)
are belong to Base Sasak except words paling is belong to Bahasa Indonesia,
and words slow, tourist, and home stay is belong to English because
codeswitching occur on above is occur in trilingual. While, the word bodyguard (E) often used by them (Sasak community) to express
language skill to other participants in the conversation and it also for
awakening humor to each
other.
92)
|
Aoq,
jah te maraq dengan→ crazy →tanen (LCS:40)
[yes,
don’t be seen as crazy man]
They
often (Sasak community) switched own word [jogang] into English (crazy) just
for prestige and awakening humor, as codeswitching occurred on (92) whereas, codeswitching above occur in
bilingual whereas, all words
above are
belong to Base Sasak except the word crazy
is belong to English and it also occur depend on speech event.
93)
|
edaq!
nyekeq→ refreshing →bae ini.(LCS:187)
[nothing.
Just for refreshing. By the way have you met with the girl that I have been
given you her phone number?]
They
often (Sasak community) switched own word [berenges] into English (refreshing)
just for prestige and awakening humor, as codeswitching occurred on (93) where, codeswitching above occur in
bilingual whereas, all words
above are
belong to Base Sasak except the word refreshing is belong to English and it also occur depend
on speech event.
94)
|
beautiful
sih→ beautiful →laguq→ body-n →yaq taoq →masalah-n (LCS:188)
[she
is beautiful but the problem is her body’s]
They
often (Sasak community) switched own word [solah] into English (beautiful) just
for prestige, to show language skill and awakening humor, as codeswitching
occurred on (94)
where, codeswitching above occur in trilingual whereas, all words above are belong to Base Sasak except word masalah-n
is belong to Bahasa Indonesia,
and words
beautiful and body-n belong to English and it also occurs depend on speech event. The Sasak
suffix (-n) which tagged
both words masalah (I) becomes masalah-n
and body (E) becomes
body-n
is indicate for subject marker
(s.m).
95)
|
iye
gawen ke- →hungry →idapth ini mento. (LCS:199)
[that’s
why I fell hungry]
They
often (Sasak community) switched own word [lapah] into English (hungry) just
for prestige, to show their language skill and awakening humor, as
codeswitching on (95)
whereas, codeswitching above occur in bilingual whereas, all words above are belong to Base Sasak except the word
hungry is belong to English and it also occur depend on speech event. The Sasak
prefix (ke-) which tagged
in word hungry (E) becomes
ke-hungry is indicated
subject marker (s.m).
96)
|
lasing
→ndemwah tegal penting,→ impossible →maq tao (LCS:215)
[it
impossible for you to play Penting because you never do it]
They
often (Sasak community) switched own word [edaq tadah] into English
(impossible) just for prestige, to show language skill and awakening humor, as
codeswitching on (96)
where, codeswitching above occurred in trilingual whereas, all words above are belong to Base Sasak except word lasing is belong to Bahasa Indonesia (I)
impossible is belong to English and it also occurs depend on speech event.
97)
|
mento
tan dengan, jahte saq→ stupid →laloqn (LCS:242)
[that’s
good, don’t be stupid man]
They
often (Sasak community) switched own word [bongoh] into English (stupid) just
for prestige, to show their language skill and awakening humor, as codeswitching
occurred on (97)
where, codeswitching above occur in bilingual whereas, all words above are belong to Base Sasak except the word
stupid is belong to English and it also occur depend on speech event.
98)
|
iku→
brother →nyeken→ stress(LCS:289)
[he
is brother, he feel stress now]
They
often (Sasak community) switched own word [beseng] into English (stress) just
for prestige, to show language skill and awakening humor, as codeswitching
occurred on (98)
where, codeswitching above occur in bilingual whereas, all words are belong to Base Sasak except words brother
and stress are
belong to English and it also occur depend on speech event.
- Adverb
99)
|
aoq….lampaq→
two day →unin baruq laguq tebajah setenge ketuanen bae lasing (LCS:62)
[it’s
rent for two days and he already get half its pay for, please ask him if you
did not believe me]
They
often (Sasak community) switched their own word [due jelo] into English (two
day) just for prestige, to show language skill and awakening humor, as code switching occurred on (99) whereas, codeswitching above occur in
bilingual whereas, all words
above belong to Base Sasak except word two day belong to English and it also occur depend on
speech event.
100)
|
maybe
→sengaq baruq nyekeq leq ini wahntaq setenge solas kenengkh (LCS:196)
[maybe,
because when I came here, it is half to
eleven]
They
often (Sasak community) switched own word [saget/ badeq] into English (maybe)
just for prestige, to show language skill and awakening humor, as codeswitching
occurred on (100)
whereas, codeswitching above occur in bilingual where, all words above are belong to Base Sasak except word maybe
is belong to English and it also occur depend on speech event.
101)
|
full
®kamar-en
®iku ye? (LCS:341)
[is
the overall rooms full, right?]
They
often (Sasak community) switched own
word [penoq] into English (full) just for prestige, to show language skill
and awakening humor, as codeswitching occurred on (101) where, codeswitching above occur in
trilingual whereas, all words
above are
belong to Base Sasak except word
kamar is belong to Bahasa Indonesia, and the word full is belong to English
and it also occur depend on speech event.
- Numeral
102)
|
aoq ye…→keasyikan
ngobrol lasing. →Aiq telu
ribu kance
yes right
absorption chating because
water three thousand
with
jaje due ribu
jari selapuqn → five
thousand(LCS:271)
snack two
thousand so (become) all together
[o…
yes, it so fun in chat. There are three thousand for water and two thousand for
cake it total is five thousand, boss]
They often (Sasak
community) switched own word (Base Sasak) in numeral form to other languages such as English (E) or Bahasa Indonesia (I) for
prestige, to show their language skill and for awakening humor, as codeswitching
occurred on (102) where, it also occurs depend on speech event.
4.2. The Factors Contribute to the Use
of Codeswitching
Codeswitching among the
Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok occurs because of
several factor that contributing
to use it. (see also:
Apple, 1987 & Saville-Troike, 1989). As the data gathered found that several factors such as;
4.2.1.
Opponent
of Speak (Speaking Partner)
Generally, every
speaker wants
to share the language that he or she mastered to their speaking partner in bilinguals or multilingual. In order to in conversation more
communicative. In addition, by
this event codeswitching
occurred. They motivated to use codeswitching influenced by their
speaking paertners. It also occurs among the Sasak community at Kuta, Cetral
Lombok.
I : ngandot lalokh jagaqn. →by the way, I’m
forget to bring that book.
[maybe, it’s because
I’m so sleepy. By the way, I’m forget to bring that book]
K : it doesn’t matter brother, just make it
simple. →lemaq klemaq
aneh aku baetn
[it doesn’t matter
brother, just make it simple. I will take it tomorrow morning]
(see; LCS:18-19/C1:21-22
{appendix: 1 & 2})
In conversation above
show that, K responds I in switched own language into English, in order to it more communicative, see also data on (8&9).
4.2.2.
Attending Third Speaker
The attending of third
speaker also motivated them to use codeswitching. It occurs when conversation occurs
with their community and at the time, the third speaker (participants) is
attending. Whereas, although they used first language in conversation before
the third speaker appearance. However, when the third speaker attend they switched
it into other language in order to the third speaker can join the conversation;
it can be seen on data (103) below. They have to done it because they want to
show that their respect to the third speaker.
103)
K :
mbe eleq owner bungalow sini?
[where is the owner of
this bungalow’s come from?]
Mnh : Swis,…eleqn….
[she come from Swiss]
K : o….saq eto anak owner-en
[o…that is the owner ‘s
son, right]
Mnh : ye wah anak owner-en iku… anuq
nini taoqn beleq iku,
laeq ken Novotel doang
taoqn madiq ---------------------------
[yes, he was living
here for long time. He always stayed at Novotel before]
------------Tourist
(T2) coming and take motor bike near them take site -----
Mnh : hallo brother, where are you going?
T2 : hallo, I don’t know yet,
just take it out may be
Are Guling hehehe..
----------T2
disturb a dog near them take sit------------------
T2 : hi….
Mnh : hahaha….
T2 : very tired hehehe…
Mnh : sleepy maybe..
T2 : yes…
-------T2
leave them--------
K : pire jari karyawan-en gawenen bungalow sini
[how many staff at this
bungalow]
Mnh : begaq….
[there many]
(see;
LCS:355-357/C10:65-77{appendix: 1 & 2})
4.2.3.
Topic
In every speech events
among the Sasak community at Kuta,
Central
Lombok codeswitching might be occur, however it also depend on the topic that
they are going to be discuss. It does can be from formal into informal speech
events. Based on the data gathered the
researcher found that, it occurs in every speech events, however it mostly
and usually occurred especially when they discussed about tourism as in (see, appendix 2. C1:48-83).
Hence, codeswitching occurs
depend on topic discussions.
4.2.4.
Awakening Humor
They (the Sasak community) also motivated to use codeswitching
for awakening humors to their community to each others. Whereas, when they want to
puns, make some jokes
and others
they often used
codeswitching,
as conversation below;
104)
AG :
gemasm jajahkh neh. Makaq-makqn muq pade kance saq to bale
[you are lie me. She is
same as my wife]
G : kembeq mento kan lumayan
[why, it is faily]
AG : beautiful →sih →beautiful
→laguq→ body-n
→yaq taoq →masalah-n
[she is beautiful but
the problem is her body’s]
K : kembeq→ body-n →mento?
[what’s wrong with her
body?]
AG : maraq→ body-n →gajah. mulem jadik
pade
[look like elephant’s
body, you are wily]
G : aden
ndeq sudangkh te jajah wkwkwkw
[in order to, we are
the same]
K : jah kene pade tan. Ndeq mele→ ikut campur →ken saq ini keqn.
pantesan jenang→ sibuk →ruen batur uwiq,→ ternyata hahahaha
[don’t you say all of
you. I’m not in this position. Actually, that’s why you look so busy
yesterday]
AG : gare-gare G →doang ini, mumpung →araq
→ kesempatan →angankh..
[it is because of G. I
think because it is a chance for me in order to I do it]
K : ye baum saq→ playboy →laloqn wah iku hahaha
[that’s the effect of
playboy man]
(see; LCS:188-191/ C5:32-40{appendix: 1 & 2})
The conversation above
(104)
shows that, the participants used
codeswitching to make some jokes. Hence, the factors that contribute to
use code switching are for awakening humor.
4.2.5.
Just for Prestige
According to data gathered, the researcher found that Most
of them (Sasak community) are deliberated
to used
codeswitching in daily interactions just for prestige, as found in the data
gathered. It occurred
because situational factors, opponent speak (speaking partner), and others.
When they used it for prestige, in order to other people giving exalt and
respect to them, which is the main reason why they often used codeswitching, although they not
require in use it at the speech events.
105)
Anp: anuq kenengkh yaq→ boss.→
piranem
eaq payu→ dialogue→
montor eto unin Snp baruq.
[the aim I come here
is, I want to ask you when do you will
dialogue about the
motor bike that is Snp said, boss]
A Oj : angkaq eat ngantih unin Kadus juluq
jage
[we are still for Kadus
decision]
Anp :
meriaq keq unin Snp lamun
bau keqn →as soon as
possible →aden aru→ clear →uninen.
[Snp said it as soon as
possible in order to its clear soon]
A Oj :
aku masih →ye angenkh.
Laguq ye →hasil →meeting →seto piran
[yes, I am too. But
it’s the convention of our meeting before]
I :
piranaq kruan mento unin Kadus?
[when it clear
from Kadus?]
K :
kembeq mento montor eto?
[what’s the motor bike
problems?]
Anp :
araq→ trouble →sekediq uwiq.
[there have something
trouble yesterday]
A Oj :
susah pacu keqn gare-gare montor seto
[I feel stress because
of that motor bike]
K :
o.. mento
[o that is the problem]
Anp :
ye saq aran irup wah. →Sometimes lucky sometimes →susah.
[that is a life.
Sometimes lucky sometimes sad]
(see; LCS:327-331/
C9:49-58{appendix:
1 & 2})
4.2.6.
Situation
Generally, most of
codeswitching occurs because of situational factor whereas the Sasak community
at Kuta, Central Lombok also motivated to use
codeswitching because situation and condition that enables to use it. However,
codeswitching most occurs in informal situation or speech event than formal
situation although code switching occurs in both of them.
In formal situation
(speech event) codeswitching is seldom occurring. It is different than in
informal situation whereas, it very potentials to use it. According to data
gathered, the researcher found that codeswitching occurs among the Sasak
community at Kuta, Central Lombok often used
in informal situation. Because of situation and condition in this place enable
to use codeswitching, in order to most of them used it. (see also: Apple, 1987 & Saville-Troike, 1989).
They (The Sasak
community) switchover their first language to other languages because of
situation whereas in this case the appearance of other participants. As the
data below;
106)
Mnh :
hello sir, how are you?
T1 : fine, thank you and you?
Mnh : fine too, are you go for surfing now?
T1 : no, I leave for today
K : how long you stay here
T1 : it is about two weeks
Mnh : two weeks
T1 : yes, two weeks
(see
also, appendix 2 in C10:1-8)
The data above (106)
occurs between Sasak community (Mnh and K) when they has take sit at a Brugaq
in a Bungalow, there is a tourist (T1) through near them. The Sasak speaker (Mnh)
say hello to the tourist (T1) using English (E), where those tourist is using
English as native language and the tourist also cannot speech Base Sasak (S) in
order to the conversation among them are in english only.
In this case, the Sasak
community (Mnh & K) which are using Base Sasak (S) as their first language
is switch and follow the guest (T1) language. However, the situation of speech
event here, different from when T1 leaved them.
107)
K :
(S) eaqn oleq nani ®
(E) tourist ®(S)
seto? (LCS:334/C10:9)
Will go home
now that
[is
that tourist will check out now?]
Mnh:
aoq..muk paran ndeqnaq aru oleq aku (C10:10)
Yes suppose
not quick go home
I
[yes,
I think they will stay here for long time]
As the data above (107) different as the
data (106) above, whereas in the data (106) the conversation between Sasak
community (Mnh & K) and T1 (guest) in English. However, when T1 leaved,
they switch into their first language. Although, in data (107) occurred
Sasak-English codeswitching in form of noun (N). Where, the words eaqn [will],
oleq [go home], nani [now], and seto [that] are belong to
Base Sasak (S) and the word tourist is belong to English (E). While the word
tourist in this case is noun form, that is why called intra sentential for noun
(N).
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